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“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2025, 71st edition, edited by Europa Publications. London and New York: Routledge, 2024.

“Libya since 1835 and the Second Ottoman Occupation.” In Routledge Handbook of the Modern Maghrib. edited by George Joffé. London and New York: Routledge, 2024.

“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2024, 70th edition, edited by Europa Publications. London and New York: Routledge, 2023.

The Historical Dictionary of Libya. Sixth edition. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2023.

“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2023, 69th edition, edited by Europa Publications. London and New York: Routledge, 2022.

“Libya: Authoritarianism in a Fractured State.” In New Authoritarian Practices in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Ozgun Topak, Merouan Mekouar, and Francesco Cavatoria, 171-88. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press, 2022.

“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2022, 68th edition, edited by Christopher Matthews. London and New York: Routledge, 2021.

“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2021, 67th edition, edited by Christopher Matthews. London and New York: Routledge, 2020.

“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2020, 66th edition, edited by Christopher Matthews. London and New York: Routledge, 2019.

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“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2019, 65 th edition, edited by Christopher Matthews. London and New York: Routledge 2018.

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Libya: From Colony to Revolution. Third edition. Oxford: Oneworld, 2017.

“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2018, 64th edition, edited by Christopher Matthews, 597-621. London and New York: Routledge, 2017.

“Libya.” In Etiquette and Taboos around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Customs, edited by Ken Taylor and Victoria Williams, 171-4. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2017.

“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2017, 63nd edition, edited by Christopher Matthews, 590-614. London and New York: Routledge, 2016.

“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2016, 62nd edition, edited by Christopher Matthews, 736-61. London and New York: Routledge, 2015.

Libya: Continuity and change. Second edition. London and New York: Routledge, 2015.

“China, the EU and Libya: competing interests and conflicting values.” In China, the European Union and the Developing World: A Triangular Relationship, edited by Jan Wouters, Jean Christophe Defaigne and Jan Matthieu Burnay, 345-67. Leuven Global Governance Series. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar, 2015.

“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2015, 61th edition, edited by Christopher Matthews, 733-57. London and New York: Routledge, 2014.

Historical Dictionary of Libya. 5th edition. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

“Multiculturalism and democracy in post-Qaddafi Libya.” In Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring, edited by Moha Ennaji, 277-292. London and New York: Routledge, 2014.

“Andalusia.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics, 2 vols., edited by Emad El-Din Shahin, I: 75-78. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

“France.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics, 2 vols., edited by Emad El-Din Shahin, I: 346-49. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

“Libya.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics, 2 vols., edited by Emad El-Din Shahin, II: 6-11. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

“Morocco.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics, 2 vols., edited by Emad El-Din Shahin, II: 73-77. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

“Sudan.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics, 2 vols., edited by Emad El-Din Shahin, II: 447-51. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2014, 60th edition, edited by Christopher Matthews, 722-746. London and New York: Routledge, 2013.

“Libya’s Authoritarian Tradition.” In Modern Middle East Authoritarianism: Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis, edited by Noureddine Jebnoun, Mehrdad Kia, and Mimi Kirk, 123-41. London and New York: Routledge, 2013.

“The Post-Qadhafi Economy.” In The 2011 Libyan Uprisings and the Struggle for the Post-Qadhafi Future, edited by Jason Pack, 85-111. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

“Gaddafi, Mu’ammar (1943-2011).” In The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, edited by Gerhard Bowering and others. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.

“Libya – History.” In The Middle East and North Africa 2013, 59th edition, edited by Christopher Matthews, 748-773. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.

“A Transatlantic Perspective on the Future of Libya.” Mediterranean Paper Series 2012. The German Marshall Fund of the United States & Istituto Affari Internazionali, May 2012 (http://www.iai.it/pdf/mediterranco/GMF-IAI/Mediterranean-paper_16.pdf).

Libya: From Colony to Revolution. Second Edition of Libya: From Colony to Independence. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2011. http://www.oneworld-publications.com/cgi-bin/cart/commerce.cgi?pid=626&log_pid=yes.

Libya: From Colony to Independence [Chinese language edition]. Shanghai, China: Orient Publishing Centre, 2011. http://www.cipg.org.cn.

Libya: Continuity and Change. London: Routledge, 2011. http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/books/details/9780415779777/

“The Libyan Economy in Transition: Opportunities and Challenges.” In Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited, edited by Diederik Vandewalle, 127-51. New York: Palgrave, 2009.

Libya: From Colony to Independence. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2008. http://www.oneworld-publications.com/cgi-bin/cart/commerce.cgi?pid=395&log_pid=yes.

“Libya: Reforming the Economy, Not the Polity.” In North Africa: Politics, Region and the Limits of Transformation, edited by Yahia H. Zoubir and Haizam Amirah-Fernández, 53-70. London: Routledge, 2008.

Libya & the United States: The Next Steps. Issue Brief. The Atlantic Council of the United States, Program on International Security, March 2006.

Historical Dictionary of Libya. 4th edition. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.

U.S.-Libyan Relations: Toward Cautions Reengagement. Atlantic Council Policy Paper, April 2003.

“Terrorism in American-Libyan Relations.” MEI Policy Brief, May 2002.

Libya and the United States: Two Centuries of Strife. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/13780.html.

Historical Dictionary of Libya. 3rd ed. Lanham, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1998.

Historical Dictionary of Libya. 2nd ed. Lanham, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1991.

“The Libyan Debacle in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1969-1987.” In The Green and the Black: Qadhafi’s Policies in Africa, edited by René Lemarchand, 125-38. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988.

Qaddafi’s World Design: Libyan Foreign Policy, 1969-1987. London: Saqi Books, 1987.